Production and characterization of hydrochars and their application in soil improvement and environmental remediation

With the rapid global population growth and industrial development, promotion of sustainable agricultural production environmental conservation has attracted great public research interests. Application carbonaceous materials (e.g., activated carbon, biochar, hydrochar) for soil improvement remediation is highly recommended because their economic viability applicability. Hydrochars, solid with unique physicochemical properties produced by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) biomass, have received wide attention due to increasing applications as amendments, slow-release fertilizers, adsorbents, energy sources. This review highlights hydrochars from dry wet feedstocks summarizes including surface structure, porosity, nutrient content, stability. Applications are systematically analyzed reviewed on aspects improving biological properties, affecting greenhouse gas emission, remediating heavy metals organic pollutants in water environments. Finally, knowledge gaps production, characterization, application addressed future directions toward development hydrochar technology proposed.